SOURCE: How to adjust tension on a Juki 1541s machine
If you have loops on the bottom of the seam it's your top tension giving you problems.
You've got something binding in the bobbin area. Open up the entire bobbin/feed dog area plates so you can really see. Get your magnifying glass out and really examine the area for threads wound around things. DO NOT unscrew anything if you can help it. If you unscrew the wrong thing you can knock it completely out of time. (which may be why couldn't get the bobbin thread up anyway.)
If all this is intimidating to you... take it for repair.
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