I have a 2005 Ford F-350 6.0 Diesel. We recently performed fuel filter changes. We turned the key and you could hear the fuel pump clicking and bleeding and it started right up. Next day, rough start and black smoke from exhaust pipe, eventually cleared out. Third day, really rough start, hard to idle but after a long period cleared out. Fourth day, no start at all. Noticed clicking sound from fuel pump now absent while turning key to on position. We rechecked the filters and o-rings and it all checked out.

Change the primary fuel pump and the air filters. Check the preheat relays and glow plugs. Also cranking speed is critical (8 RPMs or better is required) 2005 starter is old and may be dragging. Refrain from using Starting fluid in the summer. Try a can of B&G44K fuel additive in the fuel to clean up the injectors. They could be weeping causing the excessive black smoke. The B&G is available at Toyota (11.00 a can ) do not substitute, its the best on the market. Also drain any water separators daily.

You still have air trapped, I suggest you have a shop perform a proper purge of the fuel system by the book.