I assume we are talking about a UK spec vehicle? If so, without the filter even a car in great working order is likely to fail its MOT smoke test. From the sound of it yours hasn't a hope of passing. Also, and you need to check this, I think you will find that removing the filter is illegal. One way or another it needs to be replaced.
Next you need to ask yourself why removing the filter solved the problem. Have you understood cause and effect correctly? My first guess would be that the smokey exhaust from your engine had blocked the filter. I would suggest you fix the engine smoke first and then replace the filter with a new one. These BMW engines can reach very high mileages without problem if they are well maintained so the fix could be just a question of a quick tweak. On the other hand it could be very, very expensive.
Unless you are fortunate enough to have the space, money, time and know how to restore it to its former glory as a pampered classic or you intend to cut it up to make a trials off roader I would sell it. If you don't it will become a money pit. Do I take my own advice? Yes I sold my perfectly reliable 2003 model last year as all the well known brake, transmission and electronic problems were all beginning to appear. Normally it is the engine that is the good bit. Good luck.
SOURCE: problem with my land rover discovery
http://www.popularmechanics.com/how_to_central/automotive/1833626.html
SOURCE: Range Rover TD6 HSE (2004) Constant White/Grey
Blue smoke means it's burning oil, and white smoke means there's water in the exhaust.
Added together, you may have a blown head gasket. Although it's an expensive fault, leaving it in the hope of improvement (it will not fix itself and there is no quick fix alternative) will just add more cost to an expensive repair.
I sincerely hope that I'm wrong, but you need to get the vehicle to a garage that you trust asap and get them to do a quick cheap "sniff test" on the engine coolant. It's also possible that your engine's turbocharger has failed; this possibility is stronger if you've stretched the oil or filter changes, used incorrect oil or poor quality filters, or if you have turned the engine off immediately after a hard run (all turbocharged engines should be left to idle for around a minute before turning off after either a long high speed run, a steep hill under load or when towing a heavy trailer). A failed turbocharger is also expensive but there's less labour involved.
I hope that you have found my reply to be of use; please take a moment to rate my answer.
SOURCE: Excessive black exhaust on 2003 GMC Sierra Duramax Diesel.
This is what i would try (cheapest first) redexe/wyyns
injector cleaner,double dose,then i have put 1gal gas in 10gal diesel to increase burn temp (you may encounter a hot start problem temporarilly)then if still smoking, get a compresion check on the engine(this will tell you volumes)
by the way the NATO tanks put in 1/3 gas in diesel to stop it freezing in arctic conditions.any more than 1/3 can result in problems.
SOURCE: How to change a alternator 3.6 td V8 range rover
how to replace a alternator on a rangerover sport tdv8
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