First you need to check the power output of the power supply. Check the supply to tell you the output voltage and match that to the reading on a volt meter. This will give you the basic check for power.
If there is the corect voltage from the psu, keep it unplugged from the computer. Next remove the battery from the unit and hold down the power button for 10 seconds. This will clear all power from the unit and reset the power management. Plug the unit in without the battery and try to boot. Not many systems anymore require the battery to be in to boot. If this does not boot then put the battery in and give it a try.
If the unit does not boot, unplug and take a small pen and see if the power socket moves at all. If it does, it needs to be resoldered or replaced if the center pin (if one exists) moves on its own.
If the system turns on with or without the battery just for a moment then goes off, there is mostlikely a problem with the psu not having the ability to work under load. what this means is that the psu can output the correct voltage but once a load (the pc) is applied, the psu does out. This means the transformer it bad and you need a new power cord.
Without the model of the computer, this is what can be done without a service person physically looking at it.
It is possible the battery is bad and keeping the computer from starting up. Try removing the battery, plug in the adapter and then see if the computer starts up. If everything else is working properly, the computer will come on without a battery while on the AC adapter.
Another possibility is that the adapter cord is bad. It's common for the wire to break inside the insulation because of flexing near the plug. Then even though the adapter itself shows power, nothing gets into the computer. This can be checked with a voltmeter. If the cable is bad, it can be repaired (a new plug soldered on) or you can replace the adapter. New ones are available online for not much money.
A third common problem on laptops is that the power jack in the computer breaks away from the motherboard because of the power plug flexing. No power gets in to the computer then to charge the battery or even turn the thing on. If you plug the AC adapter cord into the computer and the power indicator on the computer doesn't light, this may be the reason. This can usually be repaired by opening the computer, removing the motherboard, then repairing the broken connections. Sometimes the board itself is damaged as well, and it may be necessary to replace the board. It's difficult to find a service shop that will go that far to repair a computer. Most will want to replace the motherboard in any case.
The final possible cause is that the motherboard in the computer has gone bad and doesn't turn on any more.
You may want to take this computer to a service shop where they have a known good adapter for testing. Then they can start checking the different possible causes and find which one is the culprit.
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