How it is done so that the axes of a blender or mixer, and especially the ones of the propeller of a submarine, under great pressure, not leak the liquid?
Good question.
Axles are generally left with cars and trucks.
That's because an axle transfers energy to more than one place by means of gears and cogs, like to a pair of driving wheels at right angles to the power direction..
What you refer to are spindles, prop shafts and other things.
For the sake of simplicity, the seals you speak of are made of rubber rings held by metal bands around the spindle squeezed very tight with oil trapped around the joint. That keeps the water out most of the time.
In bigger machines, the oil seal is often made from a tough kind of leather (true !) ...leather is a really good water proof material under heavy pressure and heat providing it's kept "wet" by oils or waters.
Blenders spindles tend to use rubber "O" rings around the shaft because there's not much pressure, it's enough to keep your milkshake from leaking into the blender.
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