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When you thread the top thread, the thread will drop down on the right side of the tension mechanism and go around the bottom (clockwise) and up the left side. Grab the thread somewhere above the tension mechanism with your right hand and then pull the toward the right (as though you are going to close the circle around the tension disk. The thread should pull on the metal wire (spring) and your thread should pop into the correct position of the tension disk. When you release the thread, the wire spring should pop back to the left. Then you will continue threading through the remaining thread guides and the take-up lever.
Here's a service manual for your machine (in case you need one):
The first thing I would check is the threading. Remove the upper thread completely. RAISE the presser foot and rethread from the beginning making sure it follows the correct thread pathway. Sometimes thread will "jump" and come out of a thread guide or the takeup lever. Also, raising the presser foot releases the tension disks and allows the thread to seat properly.
Loosen the thread tension. Install a new needle. Also, some machines have a presser foot pressure adjustment that can be set lighter or heavier depending on the fabric weight. The Owner's Manual should have information. On older machines, it is usually a screw or button above the needlebar that adjusts the needlebar's spring tension. Newer machines would have a dial on the side or above the needlebar area.
Every machine is a little different, but the basics are the same. Our 7th grade Home Eco. teacher taught us the first day... "...Start at the thread spool, thread guide, thread guide, tension, take up lever, thread guide, thread guide, needle. Learn this and you can thread any sewing machine"
she was right, As this hold true for my kenmore, juki, singer and new home machines. Same basics for industrial machines too.
Oh boy! I've worked on industrial sewing machines for over 30 years, but the home sewing machines are like comparing cadillacs to mopeds. No offense, but if you want performance out of a machine try an industrial. It will shock you with the difference. Be glad to help you find the right one.
Anyway, the problem you are having is quite common. First, make sure it is threaded right especially the moving spring on the needle thread tension) and the needle is new. This generally covers 75% of the problem. Make sure the bobbin thread is threaded correctly.
If you are still having the problem remove the bobbin/bobbin case and observe the needle/hook point relationship as you turn the handwheel. The hook point should pass behind the needle at the scarf of the needle (indention just above eye of needle) If it is not so the needle bar may have moved up on you. Did the machine get jammed?
I'm not sure about the rod you're talking about but lets try this first.
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