A high NOx reading can be caused by any conditions that make the engine run lean. Vacuum leaks will dilute the fuel/air mixture with excess air leading to lean running. Lean mixtures lead to high combustion temperatures which produce NOx.
A malfunctioning EGR valve will not recirculate enough exhaust gas to keep combustion temperatures in check. The primary purpose of this valve is to lower NOx emissions are high RPM. It does this by delivering some low oxygen content gas back into the intake stream to dilute the incoming mixture. By decreasing the oxygen, combustion temps are lowered.
By the same logic, a misfire can cause high NOx. If the fuel/air mixture is not burned, excess oxygen in the exhaust (catalytic feed gas) will cause a dramatic decrease in catalytic converter efficiency in reducing NOx
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